Saturday, 7 December 2019

The Chequered Skipper Flies Once Again!

Seeing Chequered Skippers flying once again in their former English strongholds has been a dream of mine since I was a child. I grew up in Northamptonshire in a house that backed on to fields and while exploring the seemingly endless natural world beyond the back gate I developed a fascination for butterflies. I kept this interest in butterflies into my adult life and I now find myself as the Northamptonshire county butterfly recorder. It was during my early studies of butterflies when I first came across the Chequered Skipper, unfortunately it wasn’t on the side of a woodland ride but rather in a book as the species became extinct in England two years before I was born. I was saddened to read the accounts of its disappearance from its former strongholds here in the county and I was amazed to learn just how rapidly a species can decline and become extinct in a relatively short space of time. I was therefore rather excited to hear of an amazing new project called Back from the Brink that was being set up with the intention of working with lots of conservation partners in order to help our wildlife, but I was especially excited to hear one of these partners was Butterfly Conservation and the aim was to reintroduce the Chequered Skipper back into Rockingham Forest! I put my name down as a volunteer as soon as I could as I really wanted to play a part in this project and it was great to help with the monitoring in 2018 after the initial release to see the Belgian Chequered Skippers getting used to their new home. 

Belgian Chequered Skipper, Rockingham Forest, May 2018

Belgian Chequered Skipper, Rockingham Forest, May 2018

Belgian Chequered Skipper, Rockingham Forest, May 2018
One thing I and a few other volunteers agreed on at the time was how exciting it would be should some Chequered Skippers survive from this release and emerge the following year, now that would be amazing! Throughout the rest of the year I’d talk to other volunteers and I admit a bit of worry crept in as although the long hot summer led to one of the best butterfly seasons for many species we’ve ever had in Northamptonshire would the Chequered Skipper larvae be able to survive it with the drying up of so many foodplants? As Spring started in 2019 news eventually broke that Chequered Skippers had begun to emerge in Europe and then in mid May they emerged in Scotland. By now the monitoring had already begun and despite everyone unfortunately drawing a blank and I was itching to get in there to help but work and local butterfly conservation branch commitments meant I couldn’t start my first monitoring session until later in May. I woke up to find the sun shining so I headed to the site a little earlier than planned as I really wanted to make the most of my day there. The method of monitoring is quite simply to walk as many rides as possible in the area and if any Chequered Skippers are seen record their exact location so we can see how they’re dispersing. As none had been seen yet I had already worked out a route on the map the night before that paid particular attention on the rides I’d seen the released Belgian ones in the year before. It’s a puzzle even to me then as to why I didn’t go up the first ride I’d marked on my route but I’m very pleased I didn’t! I got to the start of the ride and paused while looking down it but for some reason it just didn’t seem right. I’m not sure looking back whether it was the position of the sun or the direction of the wind at that time in the morning that put me off but whatever it was I decided to walk a bit further and head down a different ride instead. At the start of the ride I took out the clipboard and noted the ride number, time date, wind speed and direction etc and started to walk paying particular attention to the Bugle flowers as I did. Quite a few Bees caught my eye as they darted around and then all of a sudden a butterfly took off from out the grass and settled to show itself as a Small Heath which was reassuring as it showed that butterflies were already on the wing. I continued to walk and after only a few paces I noticed another small patch of Bugle on my left and I froze, my jaw slowly dropped open and goosepimples appeared on both arms. Right in front of me busily nectaring on a Bugle was a Chequered Skipper!

English Chequered Skipper, male, the very 1st to emerge in Rockingham Forest, May 2019
I slowly put down my rucksack and took out my camera to take a few photos before ringing Susannah O’Riordan to give her the good news. By the now the Skipper had moved from the Bugle and was now basking in the grass. I took this opportunity to take a couple more photos before logging it’s location with a GPS, writing down it’s description and behaviour before continuing  with the monitoring route. A friend of mine arrived later who was also down to monitor and between us we managed to find another two more in separate areas of the site during the day and although were obviously early days in the emergence of these English Chequered Skippers the signs were really encouraging!

English Chequered Skipper, male, 3rd to emerge in Rockingham Forest, May 2019
I had to wait a week before being able to monitor again but this was interesting for me as it coincided with this year’s release day of another batch of Belgian Chequered Skipper. I helped with the setting up of the release pens and while the butterflies in the nets were getting used to their new home I started my monitoring survey as the sun broke through the clouds. Unfortunately this sun was short lived as within 10 minutes of starting the heavens opened and the rain started to pour. I half heartedly walked a few of the rides on the route I’d given myself while I wasn’t sheltering under the trees and looped round back to the release site. The rain stopped and it even warmed up a bit as I walked back up the ride towards the rest of the group who were gathered around one of the pens ready to release the butterflies. As I approached I noticed a butterfly out of the corner of my eye and to my amazement there was a Chequered Skipper!

English Chequered Skipper, male, Rockingham Forest, May 2019

  I called everyone over and it was fantastic to see the excitement in the group as they gathered round to admire this special butterfly! Very soon after this the new batch of Belgian Chequered Skippers were released, they were marked with small coloured dots to seperate them from the freshly emerged English ones.

Belgian Chequered Skipper about to be released, male, Rockingham Forest, May 2019
Belgian Chequered Skipper shortly after release, male, Rockingham Forest, May 2019
A few years ago I visited a very good friend of mine who lives in Fort William and he took me to see the Chequered Skippers around the Highlands and it amazed me then how quickly they can come out after a rain shower. These new English ones seem to show the same characteristics as after the new batch of Belgian Chequered Skippers were released I continued my survey and found a few more fresh English Chequered Skippers basking on the tops of wet grasses in between rain showers. When it comes to wet weather they certainly seem to be a very plucky butterflies! The last Chequered Skipper I saw was in early June and was a nice fresh female, let's hope she was full of eggs to continue the success of the reintroduction.

English Chequered Skipper, female, Rockingham Forest, June 2019
A few return visits were made later in the year to try and find larvae in order to gain a better understanding of the species breeding requirements. I only had time to make one visit but I'm pleased to say after a few hours searching Andy Wyldes and I eventually found one. The larva makes a shelter by drawing the sides of a blade of grass together with silk to create a feeding tube. In the first photo you can just see it's head poking out and also the distinctive feeding damage along the edge of the leaf.

English Chequered Skipper larva, Rockingham Forest, September 2019
English Chequered Skipper larva, Rockingham Forest, September 2019
The Back from the Brink project and Butterfly Conservation deserve congratulations for their amazing accomplishment this year I feel extremely privileged to have been given the chance to help this project in my own small way and I would urge anyone who is reading this to offer some free time to volunteer for other Back from the Brink projects you may have in your area.

Sunday, 28 July 2019

A Year in the Life of a Black Hairstreak

The Black Hairstreak butterfly has held a special place in my heart for almost as long as I've held an interest in butterflies. Their specific needs making them a real Northamptonshire speciality coupled together with the elusiveness making them a challenge to study only make the species more appealing to me. The Black Hairstreak was one of the first species of butterfly I made a special trip to see when many years I ago I headed to Glapthorn hoping that I'd bump into someone who knew what they were doing and show me where to see them. As it happens I was in luck and no sooner had I visited the reserve a knowledgeable chap agreed to let me accompany him and he took me for a tour round before showing me my first Black Hairstreak nectaring on a flowing in the infamous third ride! The experiences on this day made a big impression on me, not only did I fall in love with this small but beautiful insect but the seeds were also sown in my mind to study butterflies in much more detail. One of the biggest regrets of my early days is not getting the contact details of this man who took me around (he cut a very distinguished figure in his plus fours, long walking stick and hat with a feather) as I would really like to personally thank him for inspiring me to follow a path that has led to me becoming the Northamptonshire butterfly recorder. For the next few years I visited Glapthorn every year on my annual pilgrimage to admire this butterfly and then I decided once I'd had my fix for the year I'd try and find some at a different site. After some reports of Black Haistreaks being seen at Fermyn Country Park I checked that area out for a few years too. What I really wanted though was to discover some for myself and after my local patch at Grange Park got scraped and made into a couple of warehouses I decided to make Salcey Forest my new area of study. I'd already had plenty of conversations prior to this with Doug Goddard the previous butterfly recorder and listened intently to him reminiscing about the many Black Hairstreaks that used to be seen around Salcey before their slow demise and considered extinction at the site so I had to make find Black Hairstreaks a priority. I spent day after day during the winter months searching for suitable Blackthorn stands and clearings before staring over the same areas during the butterfly's flight time hoping to see one. Then in 2015 I struck lucky when during a quick early morning visit I saw a small butterfly flit from a Blackthorn bush and onto a Sallow. A quick photo with the bridge camera zoomed right in showed the black dots along the outer edge of the hindwing proving by some amazing piece of luck I'd somehow managed to do it and find them once again in Salcey! Even luckier the butterfly then took off and descended to vegetation within reach of the SLR so here in the photo of the first one seen in Salcey for a fair few years!

Black Hairstreak, Salcey Forest 2015
 One thing that we are very lucky to have here in Northamptonshire is the dedicated band of butterfly recorders and after the news broke about the Black Hairsteaks being rediscovered in Salcey Forest a great team then searched and searched over the next few years and with their help we've learnt a great deal about their spread around the forest. The amazing Black Hairstreak season in 2018 saw some incredible numbers in their strongholds throughout the county and I realised this also offered the best opportunity I was probably going to have to study the early stages. I had already spent a couple days during each winter for 4 years leading up to this looking for Black Hairstreak eggs without success so I already knew that it would be a challenge even it had been the best season on record but I decided to accept the challenge all the same. Of course looking for early stages does have it's advantages, you don't need good weather, you get a tremendous sense of self congratulation when you find something and it's something butterfly related you can do in mid December when thoughts of June seem to be a distant memory. Personally I also find methodically going through branch over branch from tree to tree extremely relaxing but I know others baulk at the idea! The highest concentration of Black Hairstreak adults in 2018 unsurprisingly came from Glapthorn Cow Pastures and as this site is the first place I saw the species I decided to concentrate my efforts here.

I started my first search during a wet day on the 28th of November in 2018. I searched all the Blackthorns along rides 2,3 and 4 along with the adjacent rides too. I have to admit I didn't realise how many moths lay their eggs on Blackthorns too and so often I thought I'd found one only to be disappointed once closer examination with the hand lens proved it to be a moth egg or an bud breaking on the branch. Eventually while searching again in ride 3 I searched some new Blackthorn growth and out of the corner of my eye I noticed a Blackthorn a bit deeper in with a small circular disc tucked under a thorn. Without looking through the hand lens I realised I'd finally found one! Below is the photo. The egg was situated on new growth approx 6ft high.

Black Hairstreak egg, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 28/11/18
After this sighting there was a bit of a gap in searching as the long awaited butterfly recording data repatriations poured in which meant I had to spend most of my days off on the laptop collating and analysing it all. I did get in a visit to Fermyn Country Park though as we had a conservation work party there on the 17th of March in 2019. As I hadn't had an opportunity to explore the site over the winter I arrived early in the morning to get a few hours searching in before the work party started. Despite searching all the new growth I failed to find any but as I was about to give up I searched some more out in the open Blackthorn and in the fork of a mature tree in a fork about 5ft up I discovered an egg casing! It wasn't a surprise that any discovered egg would have hatched as Spring was definitely well under way at this point but despite a very thorough search I couldn't find what would have been a tiny 1st instar larva.

Black Hairstreak egg (hatched), Fermyn Country Park 17/03/19

Over a month later on the 28th of April I visited Glapthorn again but this time to look for larvae. I straight away went to the area I'd found the egg in but despite finding the egg successfully hatched I couldn't find any caterpillars on the branch. I kept checking along the stand of new Blackthorns and approximately 4 feet to the left of the egg on a different tree I found a larva tucked inside a leaf approx 3ft off the ground.

Black Hairstreak Larva, Glapthorn Cow Pastures, 28/04/19
I then returned to the same area of Glapthorn a few weeks later on the 17th of May with the hope of finding the last early stage left to see but despite a thorough search I couldn't find any pupae. I did find this larva below though which after closer inspection showed it had spun a silk thread attaching itself to the leaf and was in preparation to pupate! You may have to open the image and zoom in to see it.

Black Hairstreak Larva (ready to pupate), Glapthorn Cow Pastures 17/05/19
I must admit at this stage a degree of anxiety had crept in that (despite the pupal stage being the easiest to find in the wild) after coming this far I wouldn't be able to find any pupae so I had to make sure I could get back here as soon as I could to see if the larva that looked to be pupating had actually succeeded. I went back on the 19th of May and I was very surprised that the larva in question was still on the leaf but still very much in it's larval stage. I was a little dismayed by this to say the least as I knew that the pupal stage was the one they suffer the most predation in and I couldn't get back in here for another week due to work so it may well be snapped up by a bird before I could return. Despite this set back, and the fact I had also committed myself to another butterfly survey in the county so I didn't have much time, I decided to carry on searching as surely there must be some more in here! I spent a good hour checking all the Blackthorns in the ride but it was in vain. I felt the clock ticking and I was running out of time so I decided to head back to the entrance of the reserve but checking as much of the Blackthorn as possible along the way. As I approached the 2nd from last ride I looked at my watch and decided that at a push I could give it a half an hour search so I started looking. A sense of defeat had by now crept in and I half heartedly trawled through the branches. I should add at this point that the reason Glapthorn Cow Pastures is so good for Black Hairstreaks is because of the superb team of Wildlife Trust staff and a dedicated band of volunteers who do great conservation work here managing the Blackthorn. Laying the Blackthorn promotes fresh growth and it was while checking the twigs on the outer edge of one of these young bushes I noticed the tell tale bird dropping camouflage of a Black Hairstreak pupa nestled on the top of a thorn and tucked inconspicuously under a leaf. The sense of relief I felt is almost impossible to put into words but by now I only had 20 minutes spare so I ran to the car to grab the tripod from the boot to get the photo below. It was quite a moment for me and was the culmination of a steep learning curve I had to take to learn more about this incredible butterfly and it's life cycle. My day got even better as after this as I had to travel to a site in Rockingham Forest to carry out a butterfly survey where I saw something else I'd always wanted to see, but more about that another day!

Black Hairstreak Pupa, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 19/05/19
The following week on the 26th of May I just had to go back to Glapthorn while I had a couple of spare hours in the morning to see if the larva I'd found in the process of pupating (the one on the 5th photo) had succeeded. I walked up to where it was and instantly saw it surprisingly out in the open.

Black Hairsteak Pupa, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 26/05/19

Black Hairstreak Pupa, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 26/05/19
This pretty much brings the story to a close, except of course I couldn't do all of the above and not see the adults during their next season. Of course the numbers were lower than their spectacular season the previous year but they were still flying in good numbers so here are a few photos of the 2019 season adults. It was the culmination of an enjoyable journey tracking this insect all the way through it's life cycle. All I need to do now is try and work out which butterfly I should try and study this winter!
 
Black Hairstreak, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 09/06/19
Black Hairstreak, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 23/06/19

Black Hairstreak, Glapthorn Cow Pastures 23/06/19







  






Saturday, 12 January 2019

The Butterflies of Northamptonshire in 2018

For Northamptonshire's butterflies 2018 has been a memorable year for many reasons. Not only did we have two national projects in the county but it was also an exceptional season for many of our butterflies. When I first became interested in the serious study of butterflies I'd often hear stories of huge groundings of Purple Hairstreaks, explosive Black Hairstreak years and numerous rare aberrations and colour forms which at the time such spectacles seemed to be confined to the history books so to witness many of these events first hand in 2018 made the year an extraordinary one to say the least. It's hard to say what made the year such a good one for many of our species and the consensus now is to think it's actually a number of factors with perhaps the climate being the biggest. Weather wise the year started quite mildly until exceptionally cold air blew in from the east (the "Beast from the East 1 and 2") in February and March and then after a slightly unsettled start to Spring the sun came out in May and with the exception of the occasional off day pretty much stayed out until mid September! This of course not only led to ideal conditions for the butterflies but also some of the best conditions (unless trying to separate Small from Essex Skippers) to view and record them in too. It could have been a very different story though as some parts of the country were reporting the drying up of larval foodplants in the drought which luckily we seemed to avoid. I did notice a lot of the Nettles were wilting in the mid summer heat so lets hope the species that use them could find suitable ones to lay eggs on. As for recording it was another good year too with several UKBMS transects being walked regularly and also a great coverage of WCBS squares. Casual recording was good with a lot of records emailed to me directly and also added to iRecord. It should also be noted that at the time of writing this I haven't received the results from the Garden Butterfly Survey or Migrant Watch yet so some of the below species details may see a slight increase when I do. So far we've received just over 17,090 records amounting to 87,518 individual butterflies but once the final surveys have been repatriated to the county recorders this figure should also go up slightly. It really is encouraging so see so many people taking the time to record the butterflies they're seeing as this data really helps in our understanding of the population trends over the years. A big thank you also has to go to the small army of volunteers who help out at our conservation work parties during the winter months and this year more dates have been added with Woodland Wings and the Back from the Brink Project also holding work parties too.If you'd like to help give a bit back you can find details of the winter work parties on the events page of the Beds and Northants Butterfly Conservation website (www.bedsnorthants-butterflies.org.uk/events) and also in the branch newsletter. Not only are these conservation days important for the ongoing health of our butterflies there is also nothing better than walking around a site during the butterfly season seeing butterflies utilising an area you helped clear the winter before and knowing you helped make a difference! We also had a well attended series of summer walks last year in the county under the expert guidance of Doug Goddard with all target species spotted! If you'd like to join us on one of these walks this year to enjoy some of the species mentioned below they will be posted on the events page of the website and also in the spring edition of the newsletter.


Chequered Skipper
I cannot complete a summary of 2018 without briefly mentioning the superb work by the Back from the Brink Project in the attempted reintroduction of the Chequered Skipper back into the Rockingham Forest area. On the 24th of May 42 Chequered Skippers were released into a Rockingham Forest woodland with great media coverage and even an appearance on Springwatch. The decision was made to keep this initial release location quiet in order to give the butterflies the best chance of success in establishing themselves and also to allow for detailed monitoring of their behaviour without disturbance. Keep an eye on the Back from the Brink website for news about how the various projects are going and also for dates of work parties if you'd like to help by volunteering.

Chequered Skipper, Rockingham Forest 2018

Small, Essex and Large Skipper
The Small Skipper was 10% down from 2017 but the Essex Skipper was down by 79%. I think this is more to do with the fact that they were almost impossible to confidently record in the heat as they shot around the meadows like missiles and 2017 was a very good year for both species. Either way both species showed an increase when compared with a 10 year average with the Small Skipper up 74% and the Essex Skipper up 27%. The Large Skipper had a better showing than it did in 2017 with a 16% increase. These species could be encountered just about anywhere where suitable grassland was present with the biggest counts coming from places such as the Nene Wetlands, Bradlaugh Fields, Fermyn Woods, Twywell Hills and Dales etc. The first Small Skipper of the year was seen on the 7th of June at the Nene Wetlands and the last one was seen on the 4th of August at a site near Rushden. The first Essex Skipper was seen on the 10th of June at the Nene Wetlands and the last one was recorded at Hollowell Reservoir on the 11th of August. The first Large Skipper was recorded on the 26th of May on the New Duston Estate in Northampton and the last was seen on the 8th of August in Salcey Forest.

Large Skipper





Dingy Skipper
The Dingy Skipper had a good year in the county with a 52% increase from 2017 and a 148% increase over a 10 year average. The species remains fairly localised and with the exception of a small colony in the south of the county at Croughton Quarry all the other known populations are in the north. The best sites to see this species were Fermyn Country Park, Old Sulehey Quarry, Twywell Hills and Dales and Polebrook Airfield. The first one was seen on the 7th of May at Twywell Hills and Dales and the last one was seen on the 21st of June also at Twywell Hills and Dales.

Dingy Skipper


Grizzled Skipper
The Grizzled Skipper was up by 83% from 2017 and 148% from a 10 year average. The Grizzled Skipper season was also notable for the discovery of a 2nd brood individual at Twywell Hills and Dales which is a rare occurrence in the county and only recorded on a few occasions before. Like the Dingy Skipper this species is localised in it's distribution with southern populations restricted to Croughton Quarry, Helmdon Railway Cutting and Yardley Chase while the other are in the north of the county with Twywell Hills and Dales and Fermyn Country Park giving the highest counts. The first Grizzled Skipper was seen on the 3rd of May at Twywell Hills and Dales and the last one, which was of course the 2nd brood, was recorded on the 21st of August also at Twywell Hills and Dales.

Grizzled Skipper



Wood White
The Wood White was slightly down on 2017 by 13% but was still 44% up from the 10 year average. The strongholds still remain to be the woodlands along the Yardley Whittlewood ridge with Bucknell Wood and Salcey Forest being the best sites to see them although they can also be found in Hazelborough Forest and Wicken Wood. The species is also present in Yardley Chase and Sywell Wood and a colony was rediscovered during 2018 in Geddington Chase but please note all three of these sites are strictly private. A project by Butterfly Conservation has been set up to help the Wood White and the Black Hairstreak in the Yardley Whittlewood region and is already well under way. This fantastic project, called Woodland Wings, is working with the Forestry Commission to help protect and provide the habitats these species need. There are events and work parties throughout the year to help support the project and details of these can be found on the events page of the Beds and Northants Butterfly Conservation local branch website (www.bedsnorthants-butterflies.org.uk/events). Salcey Forest was also honoured in 2018 when Julie Williams (CEO of Butterfly Conservation) and Sandra Muldoon (Head of Fundraising for Butterfly Conservation) paid a visit to see Wood Whites and Black Hairstreaks! Doug Goddard, Sharon Hearle and I had great pleasure showing them round and luckily the butterflies put on a good show for our visitors too. The first Wood White of the year was seen on the 14th of May in Bucknell Wood and the last of the 2nd broods were seen on the 4th of August in Hazelborough Forest.

Wood Whites Courting
Wood White Egg
Dave James (me), Julie Williams (CEO of Butterfly Conservation), Sandra Muldoon (Head of Fundraising for Butterfly Conservation), Sharon Hearle (East of England Officer for Butterfly Conservation), and Doug Goddard (former county recorder and current Chairman of the Beds and Northants Butterfly Conservation local Branch) in Salcey Forest.



Clouded Yellow
The Clouded Yellow had a superb end to it's season in the county after a steady trickle of sightings during the spring and summer culminated with evidence of breeding at three locations and also a good display of the colour form helice too. As Clouded Yellows are migrants some years they're abundant while in other years where there are very few and the records show a 800% increase from the decade average showing that despite a slow start it's year ended on a high. The one was recorded in Bucknell Wood on the 6th of June and then they started to appear in single figures around the county at Ravensthorpe and Hollowell Reservoirs, Pitsford Reservoir, Brackmills Wood, Salcey Forest, Fermyn Country Park, Stortons Pits and Old Sulehey etc. Then as autumn approached Salcey Forest and Old Sulehey suddenly produced small concentrated populations showing evidence of successful breeding while Sywell Country Park produced a peak count of 24 on the 1st of October (the 2nd highest count we have on record), several mating pairs were observed and also several different form helice were recorded too. The form helice were also recorded at Hollowell and Salcey Forest too. The last Clouded Yellows of the year were seen at Sywell Country Park on the 22nd of October.


Clouded Yellow, Sywell Country Park

Clouded Yellow form helice, Sywell Country Park



Brimstone
Although the Brimstone was 160% up from the 10 year average the numbers were only just higher than they were in 2017. The species can be encountered anywhere and is often the first butterfly seen during sunny days in the winter and early spring. The first one was seen on the 25th of January in Fineshade Wood and the last of the year was seen on the 13th of November at Pitsford Reservoir.

The Brimstone and it's amazing camouflage!



Large, Small and Green-veined White
The commoner Whites had a fairly poor showing in 2017 so it was good to see them all flying in big numbers once again in 2018. The Large White was up 152% from 2017, the Small White was up 278% and the Green-veined White was up by 171%. All three are well above their 10 year averages with the Small White up by nearly 800%. The first Large White was seen on the 16th of April in Long Buckby and the last on the 10th of October in Old village. The first Small White was recorded on the 16th of March in Barton Seagrave and the last one was seen on the 22nd October at Sywell Country Park. The first Green-veined White was seen on the 14th of April in Corby and the last one was seen on the 22nd of October at Farthinghoe Nature Reserve.

Green-veined White





Orange-tip
The Orange-tip was slightly up from 2017 and luckily seemed to dodge the unsettled weather at the start of the year. This is another species that can be found almost anywhere where it's larval plants grow (Garlic Mustard and Cuckoo Flower) but the highest counts came from the Nene Wetlands, Barnwell Country Park, Bucknell Wood, West Lodge Rural Centre near Desborough, Titchmarsh Nature Reserve, Twywell Hills and Dales and stretches of canal near Braunston and Hunsbury. The first ones were seen on the 14th of April at Little Harrowden and Thrapston Gravel Pits and the last one was recorded on the 1st of July in Daventry.

Orange-tip on Cuckoo Flower (spot the egg!)

Orange-tip



Green Hairstreak
The Green Hairstreak was slightly down from 2017 and show a 16% decrease although that's still 18% above the 10 year average. This is a very localised butterfly in the county and is restricted to a few sites in the north of the county. The best places to see them in 2018 were Fermyn Country Park and Twywell Hills and Dales which had the biggest numbers but they were also seen at Collyweston Quarry, Priors Hall, Weekley Hall Wood, West Lodge Corner Plantation, Old Sulehey etc. The first Green Hairsteak of the year was seen on the 1st of May at Twywell Hills and Dales and the last on the 11th of June at Fermyn Country Park.

Green Hairstreak


Purple Hairstreak
The Purple Hairstreak had an exceptional year with the species being recorded in many locations and also in some big numbers. They were 299% up from 2017 and 809% up from the decade average. It wasn't just the large numbers that made the year amazing but also the amount of groundings observed as this normally elusive insect descended from the canopy and onto low lying vegetation or the ground. In fact on two occasions in 2018 while out recording I had to watch where I put my feet in case I didn't tread on any. This video below was taken in Old Sulehey and every speck you can see flying about is a Purple Hairstreak with 40 being recorded on this Bracken alone!


The Purple Hairstreak was recorded in a lot of localities around the county with one lucky observer even finding one on their Kettering town centre fence! Of course the highest numbers came from our woodlands with the best sites being Whistley Wood, Fermyn and Lady Woods, Salcey Forest, Bucknell Wood, Brampton Wood, Southwick Wood, Hazelborough Forest and Old Sulehey. The first ones of the year were recorded on the 22nd of June in Fermyn Wood and Salcey Forest and the last were seen on the 11th of August at Sywell Country Park and Wicken Wood.

Purple Hairstreak


White-letter Hairstreak
The White-letter Hairstreak season looked good from the start so a request was made for recorders to check all the local Elms and this proved productive in finding new colonies. The species was 480% up from 2017 and 856% up from the 10 year average. The best sites to see them were Fermyn and Lady Woods, by the A5 at the Hillmorton Lane junction, Lyvedon New Bield, Hermitage Wood and Ashton Wold. The first ones of the year were seen on the 18th of June at Borough Hill in Daventry and along the path that runs through the middle of Brackmills Industrial Estate and the last one was observed on the 2nd of August in Yardley Chase.

White-letter Hairstreak


Black Hairstreak
2018 be will talked about for many years to come for it's staggering Black Hairstreak season! Being lucky enough to witness it first hand will be something I don't think I'll be forgetting anyway. The chief strongholds of the species in the county had incredible numbers and it really was a sight to behold. To try and put this into perspective more Black Hairsteaks were seen in a single day at Glapthorn Cow Pastures in 2018 than the whole of the county the previous year. They were up by 869% from 2017 and up by a very impressive 2250% above the 10 year average. The best sites to see them were Glapthorn Cow Pastures, the Blackthorn thicket above Fermyn Country Park, Fineshade Wood and Salcey Forest and few new locations were found after recorders checked local Blackthorns away from the key sites. The first one was seen on the 3rd of June at Glapthorn Cow Pastures and the last on the 2nd of July in Salcey Forest. This incredible year for the species also allowed me to realise an ambition of finding one of the eggs in the wild. Black Hairstreak eggs are very hard to find and despite years of trying I've failed to locate one, until this year that is when spurred on by their recent abundance I managed to find one in Glapthorn Cow Pastures!

Black Hairstreak

Black Hairstreak egg

Black Hairstreak egg (close up)







Small Copper
The Small Copper was another species that seemed to do extremely well in 2018 with good numbers in the Spring and Summer broods and a spectacular showing in Autumn. Records of Ragworts and Thistles covered in Small Coppers were not unusual during August, September and October and good numbers were seen at Summer Leys, Harlestone Firs, Hollowell Reservoir, Ravensthorpe Reservoir, Pitsford Reservoir, the Nene Wetlands and Sywell Country Park where they had to wrestle at the last site with the Clouded Yellows to get to the nectar! They were 264% up from 2017 and 757% up from the 10 year average. The first one was seen on the 6th of May at Borough Hill and the last on the 5th of November at Sywell Country Park. If I could pick just the one butterfly as a butterfly of the year it has to be the very rare aberration found by Doug Goddard. After a very excited phone call from him and a mad after work dash I managed to see it. It's called the Small Copper aberration schmidtii and this one also had the markings of an aberration caerleopunctata too. Unfortunately the following day it had vanished, perhaps it was predated or perhaps it just moved on but it's a real shame it disappeared so quickly. You can see a couple of photos of it below.

Small Copper (ab.caerleopunctata)

Small Copper


Small Copper and Clouded Yellow, Sywell Country Park

Small Copper (ab.schmidtii+caerleopunctata)

Small Copper (ab.schmidtii+caerleopunctata)



Brown Argus
The Brown Argus also did well in 2018 with an increase of 319% from 2017 and a 430% increase over the decade average. The highest counts came from Summer Leys, Harlestone Firs, Twywell Hills and Dales, Irchester Country Park, Salcey Forest, the Nene Wetlands and Great Morton Sale. The first was seen on the 17th of May at Twywell Hills and Dales and the last was seen on the 10th of October at Harlestone Firs.

Brown Argus



Common Blue
The Common Blue season was similar to the Brown Argus with a 255% increase from 2017 and a 406% increase from the 10 year average. Some incredible counts of up to 300 came from some sites during the latter part of the year. The best sites to see the species were Summer Leys, Old Sulehey Quarry, the Nene Wetlands, Ravensthorpe Reservoir, Polebrook Airfield, Twywell Hills and Dales, Helmdon Railway Cutting,  Collyweston Quarry, Great Morton Sale and exceptionally high counts came from Welford Quarry, Priors Hall, Harlestone Firs, West Lodge Rural Centre near Desborough and Hollowell Reservoir dam. The first one of the year was seen on the 3rd of May in Wellingborough and the last was recorded on the 21st of October in Croughton Quarry.

Common Blue



Chalkhill Blue
After the large colony at Spanhoe airfield was discovered by Brian Laney in 2017 it was subsequently scraped and turned into a working quarry. Consequently no records have been seen in the county since. Luckily when it became clear the Chalkhill Blue population was destined for destruction some of the butterflies were rescued by Brian Laney and Alan Butler and successfully reared through the winter to be released at another site just outside Northants in 2018. Both Brian and Alan need to be congratulated for achieving the best possible outcome in an otherwise very dire situation. Alan Butler has very kindly provided this account of how it all unfolded below -
 

"Brian Laney had visited Spanhoe Airfield earlier in 2017 to collect various wild flower seed having heard that this site was going to be quarried sometime in November that year. When at the site collecting seed he noticed that there was a healthy population of Chalkhill Blue (P coridon) flying and immediately became concerned that this species would also be eradicated as quarrying commenced. He contacted me to ask if I had bred coridon, or knew anyone else who had, with a view to releasing butterflies on a new site in Northamptonshire the following year. I was pleased to be able to tell him that I had previously bred this species of butterfly on many occasions. I was particularly keen to help because I felt that this population may have been isolated and as such could be genetically very interesting.

Brian sought permission from the landowners to collect adult butterflies and once granted we duly set off to Spanhoe on 25th August 2017. I was concerned that this was already late in the flight period of this species, and with 2017 having been such a hot summer there was a good chance that most of the adult butterflies would already have laid out or expired. Indeed when we got there, although numbers flying were still good, the majority of butterflies were well past their best. I managed to catch around 50 females in just over an hour and roughly selected the best 30 females for egg laying. When I got home later that day I gave the females a good feed on honey and water solution and placed half on growing food plant (also collected from Spanhoe) under black netting and placed half on cut foodplant in a plastic cylinder type breeding cage. The females were seen laying the following day, although several had expired already probably due to old age.

In the autumn, the ova laid on the growing food plant were left outside for the duration of the winter and had to face the “beast from the east” early in 2018. To increase the chances of overall success, a different approach was taken with the ova on the stems of cut food plant which were removed from the cylinder cage and placed in a shallow cylinder with netting top and bottom and the whole was pinned to a south facing fence and left open to the elements of the winter. A significant number of ova had also been laid on the side of the cylinder and on the net top. These ova were painstakingly removed, one by one and placed inside the double netted shallow cylinder. This double netting design was used to ensure good drainage and free passage of air to minimise the risk of mould and mildew. This technique is also very effective in excluding predators such as earwigs, snails and birds etc. After the extreme cold weather had passed the shallow cylinder was placed inside a larger sealed plastic box (to prevent desiccation of the ova) and the whole was placed inside a refrigerator which was kept between 2 and 7 degrees C. This precaution was taken because of the unreliability of the ambient weather at the time. By keeping the ova cold until the spring had properly settled it was felt that the survival rate of the small larvae might be higher.

Both setups produced several hundred larvae, and these then developed at more or less the same rate as would be expected in the wild. It was very important that the development of the larvae and pupae, and ultimately the emergence of the butterflies was in synchronisation with the wild populations to ensure that the conditions would be optimum for egg laying after release.

The first adult to emerge was a male on 4th July. Several more males emerged over the next days before the first female emerged on 11th July. This female was paired before the wings had even fully expanded. It is normal that males start emerging before the first females and as females emerge males often assemble to copulate with the females before they have taken their maiden flight. All the adult butterflies were transferred at night to the original netted pot with growing food plant for pairing. It was felt that the best success would be achieved if paired females were released rather than releasing males and females at the new site and hoping for pairings afterwards. Likewise it was felt that putting down pupae at the new site would in all likelihood be less successful than releasing paired females.

Unfortunately by the time a new release site had been identified and permission to release had been gained, some of the adult butterflies had expired. The new site chosen for release was Southorpe Rough and permission was granted for release on 5th August, almost 1 month after the first adult butterflies had started to emerge. During this period 53 females and 58 males had emerged, and on the 5th August, after feeding the butterflies on water and honey solution, 25 females and 18 males were released. This number included two females still in copulation. No ovipositing was witnessed at the site on the day of release, but this was not particularly surprising."


Holly Blue
The Holly Blue had a good year with a good spread of records around the county. They were 343% up from 2017 and 507% up from their 10 year average. Although they were observed all over the county the best sites were Abington Park, Farthinghoe Nature Reserve, Castle Fields in Wellingborough and Finedon Pocket Park. The first ones were seen on the 18th of April in gardens in Northampton and Kettering and the last one was recorded on the 25th of September at Sywell Country Park.

Holly Blue



White Admiral
Like the previous year 2018 proved to be a good season for the White Admiral and they could be seen flying in good numbers in our woodlands with Bucknell Wood, Salcey Forest, Hazelborough Forest and Fermyn and Lady Woods being the chief strongholds. They were 57% up from 2017 and 230% up from the 10 year average. The first ones were seen on the 18th of June in Fermyn Wood and Bucknell Wood and the last one was recorded on the 2nd of August in Yardley Chase.

White Admiral



Purple Emperor
The Purple Emperor did well in 2018 and the species has increased it's range once again. Sightings came in from all over the county with some amazing records too such as the man who found one on his lunch break at Rushmills Industrial Estate in Northampton and the other lucky chap who saw one fly over his garden in Brackley! They were up by 207% from 2017 and up by 344% over the 10 year average. The best site to see them remains Fermyn and Lady Woods for numbers but good counts were also made in Bucknell Wood,  Brampton Wood and Salcey Forest. The first of the year was seen on the 20th of June in Bucknell Wood and the last was seen on the 27th of July also in Bucknell Wood.

Purple Emperor


Red Admiral
2017 was an exceptionally good year for the Red Admiral so it's no surprise the records show a decline in 2018. Despite this they were still 9% above the 10 year average. The first one was seen on the 10th of January in Northampton and the last of the year were seen on the 18th of November in gardens in Wellingborough and Thrapston.

Red Admiral


Painted Lady
Although very slightly up from the 10 year average the Painted Lady was down 16% from the previous year but once the Migrant Watch survey results are in this may increase the results. They were seen all around the county although some high concentrations may well be the results of releases from the increasingly popular Painted Lady rearing kits. The first one was seen on the 14th of April at Stortons Pits and the last one was recorded on the 18th of October at Bozeat Quarry.

Painted Lady


Small Tortoiseshell
The Small Tortoiseshell was another species that didn't do too well in 2018 but despite being 33% down from 2017 it was still 103% up from the 10 year average. The first ones were seen on the 24th of February in a Kettering garden and Polebrook village and the last ones were recorded on the 4th of November at Pitsford village hall with another woken from it's overwintering diapause on New Years Eve in a Kettering garden.

Small Tortoiseshell








Peacock
The decline in Peacock numbers has been a cause of concern for a while and unfortunately 2018 didn't show a change in this downward trend. They were down 19% from the 10 year average and 25% down from 2017. The first one was recorded on the 28th of January in a pub garden in Chacombe and the last was seen on the 30th of December at Kinewell Lake near Ringstead.

Peacock



Comma
Although 33% down from 2017 the Comma was 82% up from the 10 year average. The species seemed to have a poor showing at the start of the butterfly season but they had a resurgence in numbers by the end of summer. The first one was seen on the 20th of February at Blueberry Lodge near Hanging Houghton and the last was recorded on the 5th of November along the old railway track near Stanford Reservoir.

Comma



Dark Green Fritillary
We had more records of Dark Green Fritillary than previous years and at a few different locations too. They have been recorded at Ring Haw regularly for a few years but in 2018 they were seen at more sites which hopefully indicates an attempted colonisation. The species was once again recorded at Ring Haw and also in the nearby Old Sulehey Wood, Great Moreton Sale, Ravensthorpe Reservoir, Polebrook Airfield and at two locations in Fineshade Wood with egg laying behaviour observed here too. The first of the year was seen on the 18th of June at Ring Haw and the last of the year was seen on the 24th of July also at Ring Haw.
Dark Green Fritillary


Silver-washed Fritillary
The Silver-washed Fritillary also had a good year and were 61% above the year before and 608% above the decade average. The best places to see them remain the chief strongholds such as Bucknell Wood, Fermyn Wood,  Fineshade Wood, Great Morton Sale, Hazelborough Forest, Old Sulehey Wood, Wakerley Wood and Salcey Forest although they could be encountered in most of our woodlands with new sites added in 2018. The abundance of Silver-washed Fritillaries also produced some nice aberrations and once again the colour form valezina was encountered regularly. The first ones of the year were seen on the 18th of June at Bucknell Wood and Fermyn Wood and the last of the year was recorded on the 15th of August at Great Morton Sale.


Silver-washed Fritillary
Silver-washed Fritillary form valezina
Silver-washed Fritillary ab.confluens

Speckled Wood
The Speckled Wood had a good year and were up by 60% from 2017 with a 238% increase over the 10 year average. The first one was seen on the 14th of April in Towcester and the last records of the year came on the 22nd of October at Farthinghoe Nature Reserve and Sywell Country Park.

Speckled Wood


Marbled White
The Marbled White was seen in better numbers than the previous year and show a 73% rise over 2017 and a 260% increase over the 10 year average. Once again the species appears to have spread in the county with records coming from new grassland sites. The first ones were seen on the 15th of June at the New Duston Estate in Northampton and at Twywell Hills and Dales and the last one was seen on the 7th of August in Paulerspury.

Marbled White


Gatekeeper
The Gatekeeper numbers stayed about the same as 2017 with only a 0.05% decrease in records but were still 149% above the decade average. The first of the year was recorded on the 24th of June on a Yelvertoft allotment and the last of the year was seen on the 25th of September at the Nene Washlands Reserve.

Gatekeeper



Meadow Brown
The Meadow Brown had a slightly better year than 2017 and along with the Ringlet remains one of our commonest butterflies. They were 33% up from the previous year and 226% above the 10 year average. The first was seen on the 1st of June at Summer Leys and the last was seen on the 1st of September at Ring Haw.

Meadow Brown

Ringlet
The Ringlet had a good year in 2018 and were 431% up from 2017 and 263% up from the decade average. I think they may have been a victim of their own abundance during 2017 though and were under recorded by our surveyors. The first one was seen on the 11th of June in Sulby Gardens and the last of the year was seen on the 5th of September in a Daventry garden.

Ringlet


Small Heath
The Small Heath also seemed to have a good year too with a 63% increase from 2017 and a 250% from the 10 year average. The first one was seen on the 13th of May at Twywell Hills and Dales and last ones recorded one the 29th of September at Ring Haw and Twywell Hills and Dales.

Small Heath


So that concludes the brief review of the 2018 butterfly season here in Northamptonshire. The only record we received of an exotic butterfly was a Monarch seen and photographed near Finedon on the 19th of May but this is no doubt the result of a home reared release. We did also get two tantalising records of Brown Hairstreak at a couple of sites but unfortunately the presence of the species couldn't be confirmed at either despite thorough searches. The fantastic work neighbouring Butterfly Conservation branches have put in with egg searches does show the Brown Hairstreak is getting very close to the Northants border so lets hope they push a bit further and we can have a new regular species! I think it's also worth mentioning that some of the sites mentioned in the species details above are private so please don't trespass to see a butterfly as there are public sites to see all species. Some of our recorders have arranged permission from the landowners to survey selected private sites but these may be retracted should too many people trespass to see the butterflies and therefore we will loose valuable records. In short please don't do what the chap below is doing unless you have written permission to do so!



All the above text and photographs are the copyright of Dave James (me)
All distribution maps are the copyright of Beds and Northants Local Branch of Butterfly Conservation